Tuesday 12 March 2019

Duality in Reality

Duality in Reality

Aloysius Sebastian

aloysi.aloys@gmail.com

Abstract

It is not simply easy to create a new theory to unify the Classical Physics and Quantum Physics. Because these two theories having great backgrounds. Uncertainty doesn’t match with the classical explanation. Dual nature of matter (wave particle duality) and uncertainty principles are the foundations of quantum physics. If we fix time as an uncertain element in classical physics, it can match with the quantum physics. Unfortunately I do not believe in the wave particle duality. I can believe a particle as a particle, it can never be a wave. When I am imagining a particle at rest, it should be a particle. But when it starts moving, it is showing a wave character. Here I can say that a moving particle is creating a wave in the medium where it keeps moving. I know that the importance of the topic which I am talking here. Let me explain more.

Introduction

Actually I was not supposed to create something like this. I am observing my surroundings and my physics is my surroundings. All we know that the laws of physics are same for everywhere and for everything. This theory is generated in my mind and I was developed it in my mind. I am not arguing here that my theory is 100% perfect, until I prove it mathematically. I have just started to thinking about this idea in these days only. This occasion I am intended to explain my idea theoretically with my logics. If I say something about my logic, once my physics teacher says me that, an object with a mass of 1kg have an infinite range of gravity. He wants to say that gravity has an infinite range and I can’t believe that. I believe that gravity has a finite range. I was explained that gravity of an independent object has a finite range, in my previous theory “The Theory Of Gravitational Field”. I think that the microscopic world and macroscopic world are following the same laws of universe.

Properties of Energy

We all know very well about energy. Energy is everything in the world. The very famous scientist Albert Einstein describes energy as E=mc^2. Now we can say Energy as mass or energy as matter etc.. We can say energy as kinetic energy and potential energy. In our daily life we can find different types of energies in our surroundings, like mechanical energy, electrical energy, thermal energy etc.. We can convert energy from one form to another. We are easily converting energy to one form to another form in our daily life, like electrical energy to mechanical energy and many more. These are general things we all know. Here my problem is the conversion of energy stored in a particle into another. Up to now we are unable to do this process. I hope one day we can convert one atom into another atom. May be I am an alchemist.

Particle at rest and moving Particle

While thinking about particles, we are always discussing the nature of moving particles. I remember, in some discussion I was asked to someone, what is the nature of a particle at rest? He replied me that, it is impossible to see a particle at rest and if you find a particle at rest it is showing only particle nature. I think that we can see so many examples for a particle at rest in physics. When an atom or a proton is moving, the particles inside this are at rest. If an atom is moving, protons, neutrons, and the electrons are at rest inside of this. If a proton is moving, the quarks inside it are at rest. And we can say they are at inertial motion. It is just like when we are travelling in a bus, when the bus is moving; we are at an inertial motion. So if the atom or the proton shows dual nature, the particles inside it will show only particle nature.

Dual nature of particles

In this section I would like to discuss about the dual nature of particles. As we know, a moving particle can show both particle and wave nature. But here I am intended to say that it can only show the particle nature. Because of the observable universe doesn’t show any duality to me. Off Corse Quantum mechanics is dealing with the microscopic particles and which I cannot observe. But still the laws of universe are same to all.

When I turn on a fan and it starts working. I can understand that when it starts moving it is creating a wave in the air, and I feel it as wind. Here fan is moving in a medium where it is creating a wave. So here I can assume that the wave is creating in the medium, not in the fan. The best example which we can observe is in water. I am going to put a steel ball with 10cm of diameter into a pool. Usually we all know that it is creating a wave in the water. Important point is that, when it is moving downwards, it is creating a wave with its motion, on the same direction of motion. It is not creating in the ball, but it is the water (the medium). The first waves we observe in the water are the welcome message to the medium, from the object. It is the interacting wave. When it is entering deep to the medium, it allows the object to travel through it, but the inner density of the medium is not same as the interacting point. This is what we can observe a wave with the same direction of the object.

The same experiment we can start with a bullet. I prefer bullet, because it can have much more velocity and have a tiny shape. Here it is more difficult to observe the interacting waves, but we can find the waves travelling with the object. This is what happening in a conscious world. Here the medium is conscious about its properties. It can allow or deny the foreign object into the system; it can fix the resistance over it and more. Light in the spectrum are also going through the same phenomenon. So I believe in singularity, and it is the particle nature of a particle. One of the foundations of quantum physics is the duality, but here nothing will change in the concepts of quantum mechanics. A wave is creating by an action of a particle in the medium. So every action, there is an equal and opposite reaction.

Here we were seen that the water as the medium and the steel ball or the bullet as the particle. Water is conscious here, to accommodate an external body in it. By allowing it to enter the equilibrated system of water, it has to adjust some space to the foreign body. This is what Archimedes explained to his king. While adjusting a space to an external body, in an equilibrated system, the body is attaining space and also it is moving. The motion of the external object in the medium is doing a work over there and as a result, it is creating a wave in the medium. And I can say that we are living in a conscious universe, which is relatively accelerating. Once we say a particle as a particle and wave as the product of the work done by the particle in the medium, it should match the quantum physics and classical physics.

Uncertainty

Uncertainty doesn’t match with the concepts of classical physics. Quantum physics states that, it is difficult to measure the velocity and position at the same time. Or it is not easy to detect the particle position accurately during its motion. But in classical physics, it is easy to do these thinks. In quantum physics time is always with the moving particles and it can’t create intervals. But in classical physics time is travelling with the moving particles and it can create intervals. If classical physics accept to avoid the intervals of time during a motion, it can conceive the concept of uncertainty. For example, we can measure Force as: F=ma. Here, if time stands with the force and not allowing any intervals, the force will become uncertain. We can even say that we are living in an uncertain universe. If the concept of time in classical physics changes, everything will change, even gravity. It is just like that, information can travel faster than light. The sun light needs 8.20 minutes to reach earth, but we can see the sun at a blink of our eyes. And we are seeing the sun which was 8 minutes before. So information is faster than light and can travel to the past. A super conscious mind can travel with the information.

Conclusions

Once we can bring uncertainty to the classical physics and particle singularity in the quantum physics, we can unify these two theories. Massless information can travel faster than light.

Thursday 7 February 2019

The Theory of Gravitational field

The Theory of Gravity

Aloysius Sebastian

aloysi.aloys@gmail.com

Abstract

Here I am about to create a new theory of gravity. In this theory I am trying to explain the range of gravity and the gravitational field. With this theory, one can calculate the range of gravitational field of an independent object. Here gravity is not depending upon the mass of a second object. Here gravity is related to the energy of the object. I am not going to replace any previous theories of gravity. Sir Isaac Newton and Albert Einstein were made wonderful theories. I am also working with those theories. Inside these theories I have been found a road to explain gravity with my thoughts. So mainly I am using their equations and adding my works with them. And now I can find the range of gravity. I can clearly say that, it is a simple theory with logics and everybody can understand it easily.

Introduction

As I wrote above, now I can find the range of gravity and I can clearly say that, gravity has a finite range. Gravity will not lead to infinity. I am here treating gravity as a form of energy. So we can find the distribution of energy at different distances. I was started thinking about gravity, when I was writing my paper “Structure of Relatively Accelerating Universe”. That was a theory about the expansion and acceleration of universe. In there the universe was accelerating under a gravitational frame. After that I have started thinking more seriously about gravity and I had some interesting leads. The findings which got that time were written as an article in my online pages. There I had found an interesting constant which I called it as “A”. It can be written as C²/G. Here “C” stands for the velocity of light and “G” stands for the universal gravitational constant. According to this constant, I have developed my ideas and find the range of the gravitational constant.

Theory

Now here we will try to find the gravitational field of an independent object. Gravitational field is related to the energy of the object. All we know that gravity is related to the mass of an object. I am also taking mass as the source of energy to calculate the gravitational field. According to Sir Isaac Newton Gravitational force between two objects is described as F = G.M1M2/r². Here I am ignoring this equation because it is stating gravity as a force between two objects. My intention is to state gravity as a form of energy and find the strength of gravitational field in each levels.

Gravity in Newtonian Physics is

g = GM/r² (1)

Albert Einstein in his theory states Energy of an object as

E = Mc² (2)

As I wrote above I had find a constant in my works and that constant A is explain as

A = C²/G explained in reff: [2] (3)

So the Gravitational field we have to describe now. Here we have gravity “g” of an object, mass “m” of the object, Energy “E” of the object and constant “A” with us. By describing gravity as energy, we can describe gravitational energy at different levels.

So here I am intended to say the gravitational field of an independent object, we can explain as

GE = MA/g (4)

This equation gives us the total gravitational field of an independent object. According to this equation we can find the gravitational field, which is created by a mass at different levels. Once we increase the distance the energy in the field will decrease. It can be diminish up to zero. When the energy level becomes zero, there the gravity of the particular mass ends.

So the equation we can write as

GE = MA/g d (5)

Here “GE” represents the Gravitational Energy, “M” is the mass, “A” is the constant, “g” is the gravity of that mass and “d” represents for the distance.

I would like to state again that, this equation is not mentioning the gravitational force. It is for calculate the gravitational fields, where the gravitational energy is distributed. With the help of this equation we can calculate the amount of gravitational energy distributed in any distance.

Gravitational field of a companied system

Now we can have a look at a companied system like two objects or a complex system like our solar system. So if it is a two body system, these two bodies have its own gravitational fields. So these two can interact together and may be able to create a common gravitational field. The picture 1 ( Gravitational field of two masses.

Picture 1: Gravitational field of two masses.

Gravitational field of a complex system

Gravitational field of a complex system like solar system or a galaxy is also like this way. There enter multiple masses multiple range of gravitational fields.

Conclusion

Here we can describe gravitational field on the basis of the total energy of an object. If we are working with a complex system, there gravitational fields will gather together and may can act as a uniform for the total system. I am working more against with this article and will be update as soon as posiible.

Acknowledgements

Hiromi Takashima from Hakodate, Japan, for her support and advices.

Viktória Nyámádi from Hungary, for her valuable advices as an experienced teacher.

Jeni, Babyjohn and Aloysius from India, for their advices and support.

Wikipedia, for their online service and valuable articles.

References

[1] Structure of relatively accelerating universe, 10.4236/ijaa.2014.41015

This work leads me to think more about gravity and the concepts of gravity to relate with the energy.

[2] https://www.linkedin.com/pulse/gravity-laws-coservation-energy-sebastian-aloysius/

[3] https://oshidu.blogspot.com/2015/01/newton-einstein-relation-on-gravity.html

[5] The theory of gravity by Sir Isaak Newton and many other articles related to this theory.

[6] Max Plank, theory of blackbody radiation and the energy of a photon. Many other articles related to this theory.

[7] Albert Einstein, his spacial theory if relativity, mass energy equivalent principle, general relativity theory and many other articles related to these theories.

Saturday 24 January 2015

Newton - Einstein Relation on Gravity

Quantization of Gravity

Aloysius Sebastian, Via Tremonti 26, Milazzo, Messina, Italy

Aloysi.aloys@gmail.com

Abstract

Our present concept about gravity is related with the mass and distance of the object. Still we are following the Newtonian concepts of gravity to measure the gravity of objects. Albert Einstein has made a great work on the concept of gravity, after Newton. But still we are trying to know more about gravity. According to me gravity is the property of energy. One must have to explain gravity on the basis of energy and it should be agree with the Newtonian theory of Gravity and laws of conservation of Energy. I am agreeing that mass is also a form of energy. But I prefer to find gravity in accordance with the total energy of a system. I am going to find a relation to Newton’s theory of Gravity and Einstein’s Equivalency principle (E = mc²). Here I am making an attempt on this field. I am sure that I am on the right track. I am not placing any new equations here. I am using the existing equations in physics to find the gravity through my thoughts. The way which I am using these equations are may be strange. Sometimes I am thinking in reverse order, first I have found the gravity with the concept of energy. For that I am applying a constant ‘’A’’ and I am getting the value of ‘’A’’ from the last part of equations. Because the value of gravity is still with Newtonian concepts.

Introduction

To bring classical physics and Quantum theory in a same line we have to bring them under a same reference frame with certain measurements. We have to bring Classical Physics into microscopic level or Quantum Mechanics into macroscopic level or these two under a same reference frame. For that we have to think only with the concept of energy. I strongly believe that mas just as a property of energy. According to me microscopic or macroscopic dimensions are influencing the reference frames of the observer. Here I am trying to bring them under a same dimension in two different frames of an observer in a single frame. I think that it is possible if we bring Gravity as a main component in these two branches of physics. So I am trying to insert gravity in these two. Gravity is already described in Classical physics. So we can start from it.

Gravity of an independent system

We know that every objects has its own gravity. Gravity was mentioned clearly in Sir Isaac Newton’s theory of universal gravitation. So here I am going to start from Newton and his theory of Gravity. We know that…..

(1)

Here F stands for force. This equation describe us the gravitational attraction between two systems (objects).

All we know that every objects with mass (Energy) show its own gravity. Now imagine an object at space. We can calculate its gravity by the equation.

(2)

Here we can found the gravity of an independent system.

Now we can bring this object into Earth’s surface. At this time the gravitational attraction between earth and the system will be equation (1). But at the same time the objects own gravity will be equation (2). Anyhow we can work with the concept that the object is at the space for more clarity and the equation (2) as its gravity. So equation (2) states g = Gm/ r ². By this we can bring out mass {m} and write as

(3)

It is the time to think about the total energy of the object at rest. For that we can use mass energy equivalence principle by Einstein. We can bring out the same equation (3), if we go through eq (4).

E = mc² (4)

We can hide the mass from equation (4) and insert equation (3) instead of mass. So we can write it as

(5)

This equation always states that E = mc². I just replace mass here.

We bring gravity, universal gravitational constant and radius of the object in equation (5) instead of mass. While we are bringing gravitational constant “G”, the object is being a part of universal gravity. So it can be macroscopic or microscopic according to the distance between the object and the observer. The important thing is that the object is just become a part of the total gravity of the universe. Here the reference frame of the object and the observer is the total energy of the universe and its gravity at the whole volume of the universe.

Now we will go through Quantum Theory and try to insert gravity and universal constant of gravity in it. We can use Plank Einstein relation to combine these two theories.

(6)

Here f stands for frequency, E is the energy and h is the planks constant.

By using Special Relativity, the equation (6) can be written as

(7)

Here m₀ is the rest mass of the object.

Now we can bring equation (5) to equation (7) and it can be written as

(8)

And we can say simply as

(9)

By this we can bring the classical and quantum physics under a same preference frame.

According to me the fundamental of universe is the energy. It has its own properties and will not change even if it is macroscopic or microscopic object. And laws of motion is also unchangeable, I think that still we have to know more about the laws of motions. Our understanding about the laws of motion is incomplete.

Quantum Gravity

According to me gravity is the fundamental property of energy. We already know how to calculate the gravity of an object with its mass (2). An object with mass m has the total energy in it is mc². So I would like to bring out gravity in the equations of energy and my logics leads me to the equation E / A = g. I was worked so far with this equation and I found something is missing there to coincide everything. Then eq (22) gives me the idea that, any amount of energy at any stage, it has a volume. According to the difference in volume its gravity also varies. It is also stated in Newton’s theory of gravity as distance square. For me decrease of volume will increase the strength of gravity and it can stop even radioactive decay. So I have rearranged the equation as………

(10)

Here A is a constant, E is energy r is the distance from the center of the object and g is the gravity. The value of ‘’A’’ can calculate easily as A = E / gr². Equation (10) is to describe the gravity of energy which can have at mc² amount of energy at a volume.

We can write the eq (10) as this way, but still we have to find the value of A from another equation.

(11)

We can calculate the value of A as c² / G, eq(26) will explain it. Here c is the velocity of light and G is the universal gravitational constant. This equation leads us to…….

(12)

Now we will go through Quantum mechanics. The equation for the energy of a photon is,

(13)

E is the energy, h is planks constant and f is the frequency.

Here also we can bring the equation (10) because a massless photon also show its own gravity. This leads me to create this idea. Even a photon doesn’t show mass, it has its own energy. And that energy shows gravity. So we can write as……

(14)

Now we can bring energy of a photon as the measurement of energy. Even it doesn’t show the mass, the energy of a photon can add some mass if it is absorbed by a particle or a system. Imagine that photoelectric effect is occurring in a plate. Here we can imagine that 1000 electrons are absorbing 1000 photons at the same time. So an energy or a mass is going to add to the plate by the photons. So the total energy E of the plate at this time is……….

(15)

Here the added mass or energy of the system is………

(16)

n is the number of photons.

Now we can calculate the additional gravity gained on the system by the photons.

(17)

While bringing equation (3) here, we can write it as….

(18)

We can find the gravity on the quantum concepts as…..

(19)

Total energy of a particle or an object we can write as……..

(20)

Here n(hf) = mc², n number of photons can occupy in mc² amount of energy at any volume. The arrangement of photons (particles) depends upon the system requirements.

Gravity of a System

Now eq (20) is the gravity of any energy ie; the gravity of “n(hf)’’ amount of energy or ‘’mc²’’ amount of energy. Here we can see that n(hf) = mc². At this time these two equations will not mention any physical systems. It only represents the amount of energy. We all knows that gravity is directly proportional to mass and inversely proportional to the square of its distance from the center. If we follow the above stated equations, we can never reach with this concept. For that we can imagine an experiment. Imagine that we have two balloons (A & B) with us. Balloon ‘’A’’ is more elastic than ‘’B’’. Now we can imagine that we are filling these two balloons with 10 Kg of gas on each. Naturally the balloon ‘’A’’ will expand more and what will be the gravity of each balloons. Here we can think about the energy density on each balloons.

(21)

Here ρ is the mass per unit volume, V is the volume of the mass itself and m is the mass

So in this system (Balloons) we can write

(22)

So gravity of any system at any volume is

(23)

Here we can notice that when we are measuring the gravity while increasing the volume,

(24)

n(hf) / Ar² or mc² / Ar² are equal to ρVc² / Ar² , because gravity is variying according to the distance from the center. Increasing volume will increase the distance from the center r.

Now only we can define the value of the constant A because still we don’t have any idea about the gravity of energy. Up to now we only know to define the gravity with the newton’s equations {eq (2)}.

So we can write

(25)

Here Gm /r² is the gravity of the independent system at ρVc² volume.

The value of A we can define as......

(26)

Here we can see that the value A becomes c²/ G, as I said in eq (11).

We must have to check with the above equations are right or wrong. According to Newton’s theory of gravity, mass we can define as m = gr2 / G eq (3). So we must have to get the same answer here too. For that we can take the eq (12 or 23) here and it leads us to……

(27)

Now I have to get the eq (1) F = Gm1m2 /r², according to my concept of gravity and it must have to equal with the eq (1). So……

(28)

By eq (11), A = c² / G and we will get the same results.

Conclusions

Any form of energy (even with mass or without mass) has its own gravity. Gravity is the basic property of energy. Energy can add a mass to any system when it is absorbed by the system and mass is also a property of energy. At any volume the amount of Energy remains as the same or Energy is conserved and gravity is changing according to the systems volume.

Acknowledgements

Hiromi Takashima from Hakodate, Japan, for her support and advices.

Viktória Nyámádi from Hungary, for her valuable advices as an experienced teacher.

Jeni, Babyjohn and Aloysius from India, for their advices and support.

Wikipedia, for their online service and valuable articles.

References

[1] Structure of relatively accelerating universe, 10.4236/ijaa.2014.41015

This work leads me to think more about gravity and the concepts of gravity to relate with the energy.

[2] The theory of gravity by Sir Isaak Newton and many other articles related to this theory.

[3] Max Plank, theory of blackbody radiation and the energy of a photon. Many other articles related to this theory.

[4] Albert Einstein, his spacial theory if relativity, mass energy equivalent principle, general relativity theory and many other articles related to these theories.

Tuesday 18 November 2014

Quantum Gravity and Gravity of a Rigid Body

How we can apply Gravity into Quantum Mechanics

To bring classical physics and Quantum theory in a same line we have to bring them under a same platform with certain measurements. We have to bring Classical Physics into microscopic level or Quantum Mechanics into macroscopic level or these two under a same platform. According to me microscopic or macroscopic dimensions are influencing the reference frame of the observer. Here I am trying to bring them under a same dimension in two different frames of an observer in a same platform. I think that it is possible if we bring Gravity as a main component in these two branches of physics. So I am trying to insert gravity in these two. Gravity is already described in Classical physics. So we can start from it.

Here I am going to start from Newton and his theory of Gravity. We know that

(1)

All we know that every objects with mass (Energy) show its own gravity. Now imagine an object at space. We can calculate its gravity by the equation

(2)

Now we can bring this object into Earth’s surface. At this time the gravity will be equation (1). But at the same time the objects gravity will be equation (2). Anyhow we can work with the concept that the object is at the space for more clarity and the equation (2) as its gravity. So equation (2) states g = Gm/ r ². By this we can bring out mass {m} and write as

(3)

Now we can think about the total energy of the object at rest.

So, E = mc² (4)

Here I am going to hide the mass from equation (4) and insert equation (3) instead of mass. So we can write it as

(5)

So here we bring gravity, universal gravitational constant and radius of the object in equation (3) instead of mass. While we are bringing gravitational constant “G”, the object is being a part of universal gravity. So it can be macroscopic or microscopic according to the distance between the object and the observer. The important thing is that the object is just become a part of the total gravity of the universe. Here the platform of the object is the total energy of the universe and its gravity.

Now we will go through Quantum Theory and try to insert gravity and universal constant of gravity in it. While I am reading some articles, I get noticed some points of De Broglie relation and the possibilities to insert the gravity in it. So we can work with De Broglie relation and it states,

(6)

By using Special Relativity, the equation (6) can be written as

(7)

Here m₀ is the rest mass of the object.

Now we can bring equation (5) to equation (7) and it can be written as

(8)

And we can say simply as

(9)

Here also we bring the universal gravitational constant into the equation and the particle into the platform of universal gravity.

By this we can bring the classical and quantum physics under a same platform.

According to me the fundamental of universe is the energy. It has its own properties and will not change even if it is macroscopic or microscopic object. And laws of motion is also unchangeable.

Quantum Gravity and Gravity of a Rigid Body

According to me gravity is the property of energy. We already know how to calculate the gravity of an object with its mass (2). An object with mass m has the total energy in it is mc². So I would like to bring out gravity in the equations of energy and my logics leads me to this equation.

(10)

Here A is a constant, E is energy and g is the gravity. We already know how to calculate gravity. So we can calculate the value of A easily by any object we knows its gravity. And the equation is

(11)

This equation leads us to…….

(12)

Now we will go through Quantum mechanics. The equation of the energy of a photon is.

(13)

Here also we can bring the equation (10) because a massless photon also show its own gravity. This leads me to create this idea. Even a photon doesn’t show mass, it has its own energy. And that energy shows gravity. So we can write as……

(14)

Now we can bring energy of a photon as the measurement of energy. Even it doesn’t show the mass, the energy of a photon can add some mass if it is absorbed by a particle or a system. Imagine that photoelectric effect is occurring in a plate. Here we can imagine that 1000 electrons are absorbing 1000 photons at the same time. So an energy or a mass is going to add to the plate by the photons. So the total energy E of the plate at this time is……….